2008-4-Skin+Infections+(bacterial,+fungal,+viral)

=Skin Infections (fungal, viral, bacterial) = **By: Hillary Keller, Lucas Hill, Tynan Honn **

= =  =__Fungal:__ = Tinea is the general name for many different mycoses (fungal infections) of the skin. Ringworm, athlete's foot, and jock itch are classified as tinea. The signs of fungal skin infections are erythema, scaling, and crusting of the skin. Occasionally, fissures or cracks develop at creases in the epidermis.  

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 **__Ringworm:__**   Symptoms of Ringworm are: itchy, red, raised, scaly patches that may blister and ooze. The patches often have sharply-defined edges. They are often redder around the outside with normal skin tone in the center. This may create the appearance of a ring. Your skin may also appear unusually dark or light. ======

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 **Treatment** : Keep your skin clean and dry. Apply over-the-counter antifungal or drying powders, lotions, or creams. Those that contain miconazole, clotrimazole, or similar ingredients are often effective. Wash sheets and nightclothes every day while infected. **Prevention:  **<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">Keep your skin and feet clean and dry. Shampoo regularly, especially after haircuts. Do not share clothing, towels, hairbrushes, combs, headgear, or other personal care items. Such items should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use. Wear sandals or shoes at gyms, lockers, and pools. **Symptoms:** Itchy, red, raised, scaly patches that may blister and ooze. The patches often have sharply-defined edges. They are often redder around the outside with normal skin tone in the center. This may <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive"> create the appearance of a ring. Your skin may also appear unusually dark or light. ======

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<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">**__Athletes Foot:__<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive"> ** <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">is a parasitic fungalinfection of the epidermis of the human foot. It is typically caused by a mould (but in some cases a yeast) that grows on the surface of the skin and then into the living skin tissue itself, causing the infection. **Prevention:** Go barefoot to let your feet air out as much as possible when you're home. Apply powder to your feet. Protect your feet in public places. **Symptom<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">s: ** <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">Athlete's foot causes scaling, flaking and itching of the affected skin. Blisters and cracked skin may also occur, leading to exposed raw tissue, pain, swelling and inflammation .<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive"> **Treatment:** Keep the infected area clean and dry. Powders will keep your feet dry but if it doesn't go away, doctors can provide you with cream to apply to your feet. ======

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<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">**__Jock Itch:__** It is a common skin infection that is caused by a type of fungus called tinea. The fungus thrives in warm, moist areas of the body and as a result, infection can affect the genitals, inner thighs and buttocks. Infections occur more frequently in the summer or in warm, wet climates. Jock itch appears as a red, itchy rash that is often ring-shaped. **Prevention:** Wash and dry your inner thighs and buttocks with a clean towel daily, and change underwear daily. **Symptoms:** Itching, chafing, or burning in the groin, thigh, or anal area. A circular, red, raised rash with elevated edges. Redness in the groin, thigh, or anal area. Or Flaking, peeling, or cracking skin. **Treatment:** <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">Jock itch usually responds to over-the-counter antifungal creams and sprays. However, prescription antifungal creams are sometimes necessary. ======

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=<span style="color: orange; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">__Viral__: = <span style="color: orange; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">Caused by a papilloma virus, warts are a type of benign neoplasm of the skin. Sine warts transform to become malignant. Transmission of warts generally occurs through direct contact with lesions on the skin of an infected person. Warts can be removed by freezing, drying, laser therapy, or application of chemicals. Herpes zoster is another form of a viral skin infection. <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; color: orange">The main way to prevent [|warts] is to avoid contact with the [|human papillomavirus] (HPV) that causes warts.

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<span style="color: orange; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">Herpes zoster, or shingles, is a reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which results in a painful rash of small blisters on a strip of skin anywhere on the body. Herpes zoster is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which is the same virus that causes chickenpox. After a person has had chickenpox, the virus lies dormant in the nerves. Symptoms may include: <span style="color: orange; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">skin hypersensitivity in the area where the herpes zoster appears <span style="color: orange; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">mild rash, which appears after five days and first looks like small, red spots that turn into blisters <span style="color: orange; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">blisters which turn yellow and dry <span style="color: orange; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">rash which usually goes away in one to two weeks <span style="color: orange; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">rash is usually localized to one side of the body. ======

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<span style="color: orange; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">Medication may help alleviate some of the pain, but the disease has to run its course. Immediate treatment with antiviral drugs may help lessen some of the symptoms. Use of medication will be determined by your child's physician based on the age of the child and the severity of the symptoms. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; color: orange">Eradication of varicella with the vaccine should, in the long run, result in fewer cases of herpes zoster because the incidence of reactivation of the vaccine is lower than that of the virus. ======

<span style="color: orange; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive"> Pityriasis rosea is a mild, but common, skin condition. Characterized by scaly, pink, inflamed skin, the condition can last from four to eight weeks and usually leaves no lasting marks. Pityriasis rosea usually starts with a pink or tan oval area (sometimes called a herald or mother patch) on the chest or back. The main patch is usually followed (after a couple of weeks) by smaller pink or tan patches elsewhere on the body - usually the back, neck, arms, and legs. Treatment will be determined by your child's physician based on the severity of the condition and may include one, or more, of the following: medicated lotions and creams (to soothe the itching), medications by mouth (to soothe the itching), cool baths with or without oatmeal (to soothe the itching), ultraviolet exposure (under a physician's supervision), cool compresses (to soothe the affected skin). <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; color: orange"> Because no one knows what causes pityriasis rosea, there is no way to prevent it. It does not appear to be contagious.

<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">--- =<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">Bacterial:    = <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive"> **__Impetigo:__** This highly contagious condition results from staphylococcal or streptococal infection and occurs most often in young children. It starts as a reddish discoloration or erythema but soon develops into vesicles and yellowish crusts. __Symptoms:__ One or more pimple   -like lesions surrounded by reddened skin. Lesions fill with  pus  , then break down over 4–6 days and form a thick, honey-colored crust. Impetigo is often associated with insect bites, cuts, and other forms of  trauma  <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">   to the skin. Itching is common. __Treatment__:Topical or oral  antibiotics      <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">are usually prescribed.Treatment may involve washing with soap and water and letting the impetigo dry in the air. __Prevention__: Don't come in contact with others who have impetigo.

<span style="color: purple; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">**__Boils__:** Also called furuncles, boils are most often local staphylococci infections of hair follicles characterized by large, inflamed pustules. A group of untreated boils may fuse into even larger pus-filled lesions called carbuncles. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive"> __Symptoms__:The symptoms of boils are red, pus -filled lumps that are tender, warm, and/or painful. A yellow or white point at the center of the lump can be seen when the boil is ready to drain or discharge pus. In a severe infection, multiple boils may develop and the patient may experience fever and swollen lymph nodes <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">. A recurring boil is called chronic furunculosis.In some people, itching may develop before the lumps begin to develop. Boils are most often found on the back, stomach, underarms, shoulders, face, lip, eyes, nose, thighs and buttocks, but may be found elsewhere. Boils on the ear tend to be more painful, and can create shooting pain in the entire area when touched. __Treatment__: Most boils run their course within 4 to 10 days. For most people, self-care by applying a warm compress or soaking the boil in warm water can help alleviate the pain and hasten draining of the pus (colloquially referred to as "bringing the boil to a head"). Once the boil drains, the area should be washed with antibacterial soap and bandaged well. __Prevention__: Don't scratch an area of skin to much; becareful when using a razor so that you don't cut yourself.

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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">__**Scabies**__: a contagious skin condition caused by the itch mite. Transmitted by skin to skin contact, as in sexual activity, the <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive"> female mite digs under the hard stratumm corneum and forms a short, winding burrow where she deposits her eggs. Young mites called larvae hatch, forming tiny,red papules. After a month or so, a hypersensititiy reaction may cause a rash characterized by erythema and numerous papules. As the name of the culprit indicates, infestation of the skin by itch mites cause intense itching. Excoriation that results from scratching the itchy infested areas may lead to secondary bacterial infections. __Symptoms__: A tiny mite (0.3 to 0.9 mm) may sometimes be seen at the end of a burrow. Most burrows occur in the webs of fingers, flexing surfaces of the wrists , around elbows and armpits , the areolae of the breasts in females and on genitals of males, along the belt line, and on the lower buttocks. The face usually does not become involved in adults.The rash may become secondarily infected; scratching the rash may break the skin and make secondary infection more likely.Generally diagnosis is made by finding burrows, which often may be difficult because they are scarce, because they are obscured by scratch marks, or by secondary dermatitis <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive"> (unrelated skin irritation). __Treatment__: A single dose of ivermectin <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive"> has been reported to cure scabies. Using medications like Permethrin, Malathion, and Lindane. __Prevention__: No contact with some who has scabies.



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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">**__Sources:__** http://dermis.multimedica.de/bilder/CD066/550px/img0024.jpg http://www.stanford.educlass/humbio103/ParaSites2004/Scabies/scabies.jpg http://www.medicalook.com/diseases_images/scabies2.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boils __http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001439.htm__ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impetigo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scabies http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/peds_derm/zoster.cfm http://www.medicinenet.com/athletes_foot/article.htm http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/warts-and-plantar-warts-prevention http://www.aafp.org/afp/20050915/1075.html http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/9339/10549.html